University Of America ,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a non-public studies college in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is a land-provide, sea-grant, and area-supply university, with an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River. The institute also encompasses a number of predominant off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Bates Center, and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories inclusive of the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. Founded in 1861 in reaction to the growing industrialization of the US, MIT adopted a European polytechnic college model and harassed laboratory instruction in applied technological know-how and engineering. It has due to the fact played a key function in the development of many factors of contemporary technology, engineering, arithmetic, and era, and is widely known for its innovation and educational electricity.[10][11][12][13]

As of October 2019, 96 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty contributors, or researchers.[14] In addition, 58 National Medal of Science recipients, 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients, 50 MacArthur Fellows,[15] 73 Marshall Scholars,[16] forty eight Rhodes Scholars,[17] 41 astronauts,[18] and sixteen Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force had been affiliated with MIT. The college additionally has a strong entrepreneurial way of life.[19][20] MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU).[21]

Curricular reforms

In the Nineteen Thirties, President Karl Taylor Compton and Vice-President (efficiently Provost) Vannevar Bush emphasized the significance of natural sciences like physics and chemistry and reduced the vocational exercise required in shops and drafting studios.[49] The Compton reforms "renewed self belief inside the capacity of the Institute to develop management in technological know-how as well as in engineering".[50] Unlike Ivy League schools, MIT catered greater to center-elegance households, and depended greater on lessons than on endowments or grants for its funding.[51] The faculty become elected to the Association of American Universities in 1934.[52]

Still, as overdue as 1949, the Lewis Committee lamented in its document on the country of training at MIT that "the Institute is widely conceived as basically a vocational faculty", a "partly unjustified" notion the committee sought to exchange. The document comprehensively reviewed the undergraduate curriculum, encouraged supplying a broader education, and warned in opposition to letting engineering and government-backed studies detract from the sciences and arts.[53][54] The School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences and the MIT Sloan School of Management were formed in 1950 to compete with the powerful Schools of Science and Engineering. Previously marginalized faculties in the areas of economics, control, political science, and linguistics emerged into cohesive and assertive departments with the aid of attracting respected professors and launching aggressive graduate programs.[55][56] The School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences persevered to expand under the successive phrases of the more humanistically oriented presidents Howard W. Johnson and Jerome Wiesner between 1966 and 1980.[57]

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (legally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of coaching as early as 1096,[2] making it the oldest college within the English-talking global and the sector's second-oldest university in continuous operation.[2][10] It grew swiftly from 1167 while Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.[2] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, a few teachers fled north-east to Cambridge wherein they hooked up what became the University of Cambridge.[11] The two "ancient universities" are often at the same time referred to as "Oxbridge". The history and impact of the University of Oxford have made it one of the maximum prestigious universities in the global.[12][13]

The university is made up of 39 constituent schools, six permanent private halls, and a number of educational departments that are organised into 4 divisions.[14] All the schools are self-governing institutions inside the college, each controlling its very own club and with its personal internal shape and sports.[15] It does now not have a major campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the town centre. Undergraduate coaching at Oxford is organised round weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls, supported by means of instructions, lectures, seminars, and laboratory paintings furnished via college faculties and departments; a few postgraduate teaching, and once in a while undergraduate teaching, consists of tutorials organised by way of schools and departments. It operates the arena's oldest university museum, in addition to the most important college press inside the global[16] and the most important educational library system nationwide.[17]

In the fiscal 12 months ending 31 July 2019, the college had a total earnings of £2.Forty five billion, of which £624.Eight million became from research offers and contracts.[3] The university is ranked many of the exceptional higher getting to know institutions by means of maximum worldwide and fundamental country wide league tables.[18][19][20]

Oxford has educated a extensive range of tremendous alumni, such as 28 prime ministers of the UK and plenty of heads of nation and authorities around the arena.[21] As of November 2019, seventy two Nobel Prize laureates, three Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have studied, labored, or held travelling fellowships at the University of Oxford, at the same time as its alumni have received a hundred and sixty Olympic medals.[22] Oxford is the house of numerous scholarships, together with the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest worldwide graduate scholarship programmes.[23]

The University of Oxford has no regarded basis date.[24] Teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, however it is doubtful when a college got here into being.[2] It grew fast from 1167 when English students lower back from the University of Paris.[2] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such students in 1188 and the primary recognized foreign pupil, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the college had the name of chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters had been recognized as a universitas or employer in 1231. The university became granted a royal constitution in 1248 at some point of the reign of King Henry III.[25]

After disputes between college students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, a few academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge

Columbia University

Columbia University (also referred to as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University inside the City of New York) is a private Ivy League research college in New York City. Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, Columbia is the oldest group of better training in New York and the fifth-oldest organization of higher learning within the United States. It is one in every of nine colonial schools based previous to the Declaration of Independence, seven of which belong to the Ivy League.[8]

Columbia changed into mounted as King's College by means of royal constitution of George II of Great Britain in response to the founding of Princeton College.[9] It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 become positioned below a private board of trustees headed through former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus became moved to its cutting-edge location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University.[10][11][12]

Columbia scientists and students have played an critical function in clinical breakthroughs along with: mind-pc interface;[13][14][15] the laser and maser;[16][17] nuclear magnetic resonance;[18] the primary nuclear pile;[19] the primary nuclear fission response in the Americas;[20] the primary evidence for plate tectonics and continental float;[21][22][23] and much of the initial studies and making plans for the Manhattan Project during World War II. Columbia is organized into twenty schools, inclusive of 3 undergraduate schools and numerous graduate schools. The university's studies efforts include the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and accelerator laboratories with foremost era corporations consisting of IBM.[24] Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and became the first school in the United States to supply the M.D. Degree.[10][25] With over 14 million volumes, Columbia University Library is the 1/3 biggest personal research library within the United States.[26]

In 2020, Columbia's undergraduate attractiveness rate become 6.1%, making it the 1/3 maximum selective university within the United States.[27][28] The university's endowment stood at $10.9 billion in 2019, among the most important of any educational institution.[29] As of 2018, Columbia's alumni and associates include: 5 Founding Fathers of the United States—among them an creator of the US Constitution and a co-writer of the Declaration of Independence; three U.S. Presidents; 29 foreign heads of nation; ten justices of the United States Supreme Court,  of whom currently serve; 96 Nobel laureates; one zero one National Academy members;[30] fifty three dwelling billionaires;[31] eleven Olympic medalists; 33 Academy Award winners; and one hundred twenty five Pulitzer Prize recipients.

After the Revolution, the college became to the State of New York with a purpose to restore its energy, promising to make something changes to the college's constitution the state might demand.[33]:fifty nine The legislature agreed to assist the university, and on May 1, 1784, it handed "an Act for granting positive privileges to the College heretofore referred to as King's College".[38] The Act created a Board of Regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, as a way to exhibit its assist for the new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College inside the City of New York heretofore referred to as King's College be forever hereafter known as and regarded by means of the name of Columbia College",[38] a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America. The Regents ultimately became privy to the university's faulty charter in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which changed into headed by way of John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that identical 12 months, a brand new charter changed into followed for the college granted the power to a private board of 24 trustees.[2]:sixty five–70

On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, changed into unanimously elected president of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated inside the First Continental Congress and been selected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.[39] For a length within the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and nation capital and the usa beneath successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists including Hamilton and Jay. Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams attended the university's graduation on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the faculty who have been concerned in the American Revolution.[33]:74